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What the science says (1990–2026): Vitamin C

These citations support correction of deficiency, specified forms, and elemental amounts — the same logic used in MD's Choice formulas. They are not claims that a supplement treats disease.

Levine 1996 PNAS; Carr & Maggini 2017; 2023–2025 immune reviews. Ascorbate is required for collagen and is a water-soluble antioxidant. Routine mega-doses do not prevent colds in the general public; they can shorten colds slightly in some athletes and deficient people.

These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease. Historic monograph text below is kept for the original library.


Ultra-trace elements


Trace Elements

  • Present in plants and animals
  • Relatively low toxicity
  • Homeostatic mechanisms implied
    Controlled serum levels
    Rapid excretion rates
    Lack of excessive accumulation
  • Its deficiency must reproductively result in an impairment of a function, or functions, from optimal to suboptimal

    • Trace Elements




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    Ultra-trace elements ppb range

    Ultra-trace elements — ppb range

    Elements the body may see only in billionths of a gram. Science is thinner here than for iron or zinc. “Present in soil” is not the same as “take a megadose.”

    Vitamins, Major Elements, Trace Elements, Toxic Elements

    Vitamins

    Vitamin AVitamin B1 (Thiamin)Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin)Vitamin B3 (Niacin)
    Vitamin B5 (Pantothenic Acid)Vitamin B6Vitamin B12Vitamin C
    Vitamin DVitamin EVitamin KBiotin
    Folic Acid

    Major Elements

    CalciumMagnesiumPhosphorusSodium, Potassium, Chloride
    Sulfur (Sulfer)

    Trace Elements

    BoronChromiumCobaltCopper
    FluorineIodineIronManganese
    MolybdenumNickel (Nickle)SeleniumSilicon
    TinVanadiumZincUltra Trace

    Toxic Elements

    AluminumArsenicCadmiumLead
    Mercury

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