Updated Studies (2020–2026)

Peer-reviewed reviews and trials added in this rebuild. Original library abstracts follow.

2023–2025 dietary-gap data. NHANES-style analyses still show widespread shortfalls in vitamin D, magnesium, potassium, and choline. Supplements fill gaps; they do not replace food.

These products are not intended to diagnose, treat, cure, or prevent disease. Historic abstracts below are unchanged from the original MD's Choice library.

Why Supplement?

And What's the Best Way to Do It?

Nutrition has made its way out of the kitchen and health food stores and right into the forefront of breaking news stories. People around the world, Americans in particular, are realizing that the old adage "You are what you eat", may mean exactly that. Moving past the hotdogs, boxed macaroni & cheese dinners and fast foods, people are now aware that "something is missing" in their diets. Nutritionists now know that so many of the deadly diseases of generations past (beriberi, pellagra, rickets, scurvy) were nothing more than acute vitamin deficiencies (of thiamin, niacin, vitamin D and vitamin C, respectively). These are diseases that proper diets would have prevented. It is now widely known that we are not able to get everything we need simply by "eating right". Today's fast-paced life does not lend itself to the thoughtful planning of meals to ensure maximum nutrition.

Supplementation Insures Proper Nutrition
While rethinking the way we eat and drink is becoming increasingly more necessary in a society that revolves around fast food, there is an effective and reliable method to boost the nutrition we receive daily: nutritional supplementation.

Unfortunately, this in itself presents a problem. Store shelves are flooded with an endless variety of supplements: single herbs, herbal combinations, individual vitamins, "complete" multivitamins, minerals, and ultra trace minerals.

So, which are the best ones to take?

Form Counts!
Once a person wades through the maze of nutrients and herbs, they are confronted with another aspect of supplementation: what is the best form? Different products use different forms of apparently the same mineral. Calcium is a good example. There are many different forms: calcium chelate, calcium citrate, calcium lactate, calcium carbonate, etc. Which is the best? Calcium chelate, followed by calcium citrate, which are the only ones we use in our products. And which is the worst? Calcium carbonate, which, unfortunately, is the one most often used in supplements.

The Bio-Availability/Absorption Connection
How does an ordinary person understand the differences between supplements? Why is it important? It all boils down to the bio-availability of the nutrient(s), which means the absorption amounts actually available to be used in the biological processes in the body. In other words, how much of this supplement will be available for your body to use? Without going into a great deal of chemistry, understand that when the nutrients are processed, they are generally mixed with other elements or binders. Product labels may not reflect the combined nutrients. Few companies list the actual elemental amount of the minerals they are selling.

Why Chelates?
There is a consensus in the medical and nutrition communities that chelates are the most readily absorbed mineral form available. From 50-90% of the nutrient is available to a normal body for absorption. The chelation process involves combining single mineral atoms with amino acids, or proteins, or something else the body can easily recognize (and use) to help transport the mineral actually into the body. The chelates quickly fall away (from the actual mineral), thus allowing them to be easily absorbed with minimum effort. Each person's mineral needs change throughout the day based on food intake, environment, exercise level, etc. Making the minerals readily available in chelated forms is the most efficient, and best way to supply your body with what it actually requires.

Why Liquid or Capsules?
Nutrients incorporated into a liquid concentrate or loose powder capsule ensure maximum absorption. This is because the digestive tract does not have to put forth the effort to break down compressed tablets, or eat through "candy" coatings to get to the nutrients. Tablets are made by subjecting the ingredients to high-pressure compression, adding a binding agent and often a protective coating. Ingredients combined in this process undergo changes which may impair their strength or bio-availability. We have heard many stories from people taking a wide variety of both prescription medicines and nutritional supplements in tablet form that have passed completely through their systems with little or no absorption – some tablets with the coating and part of the writing STILL ON THE TABLET! This normally occurs in elderly or ill persons who have high pH levels in their stomachs, thus impairing their stomach's ability to dissolve tablets properly. Undissolved tablets cannot help you!

Cooperative Nutrition
In addition to nutrient form and absorption, another factor enters the equation. We'll call it "cooperative nutrition". Basically, what this means is that some nutrients require other nutrients to increase or even activate their utilization by the human body. For example, in our Mag-Cal Plus product, we added specific amounts of magnesium, boron, zinc, and manganese to tremendously increase the effectiveness of calcium included in that product. This combination of nutrients is more effective when taken together in the proper balance than when calcium is taken independently.

Not MLM or Network Marketing!
There may be a few good MLM (Multi-Level Marketing) or Network Marketing companies that really care about how their product affects and helps the customers actually using them. On the other hand, many of these companies are more are interested in making money and building a business. Think about it for a minute. If there are 6 to 10 levels of people making money (due to the nature of the multi-level business) from the product, then how cheap must they make the product so everyone can profit? If the focus is on helping people be healthier, live a better life, then the type of ingredients, amount, form, and quality becomes more important and expensive, which does not usually allow for multiple levels of profit by a wide variety of people. MD's Choice believes in offering the highest quality product it can for the least amount of money. Our products are scientifically designed to make a difference in most peoples lives by using bio-available ingredients and co-operative nutrition to maximize the amounts of nutrients your body will actually use.

All Things Considered!
MD's Choice has done extensive research on the factors affecting nutrition and the components of optimal general supplementation. The result of the work is our Complete Formula™ Liquid nutritional supplement. MD's Choice was founded for the purpose of helping people improve their lives through better nutrition. We believe – and have proven through the testimonies of ourselves, customers, friends and relatives – that the first step is through a broad-based supplementation program that provides the body what it needs to function correctly.



For individual consultation or questions about our products, call
1-800-628-0997

From the VetSupplements briefing

There are six (6) essential nutrient groups

every human body is absolutely required to EAT… in order to sustain life; whether through diet or supplementation, these are necessary: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Fats • Water (hydration) • Vitamins , and • Minerals Pure Nutrition consists of the right type of nutrients, which are actually getting INTO THE BODY, to the correct places, because they are focused on what the cells in that system require, want, and are looking for already.

Quality nutrition allows the body to get the nutrients it already recognizes (from food stuff), and wants (by genetic design) … to optimize and improve your health in safe and efficient ways.

Supplementation does exactly that:

it SUPPLEMENTS what the diet lacks, supplying the missing - or lower than necessary - quantity of nutrients the body requires for optimum health. While the most anal retentive, OCD, calorie counting health nuts get a great and mostly balanced diet through their food intake; the reality is: They are GUESSING, generalizing, and hoping.

Because, WHERE foods are grown, HOW they are prepared, WHAT modifications and fortifications have taken place to those 'raw ingredients' MATTERS... and WILL CHANGE THE LEVELS of the certain nutrients supplied by 'that type of food' - depending on third party factors like SOIL, GEOGRAPHY, WATER SUPPLY, fertilizer, pollution, nutrient levels, as well as GROWING RESPONSIBILITY (land management), natural disasters (floods or fires, spills, which many change the soils chemical content).

All the dietary AWARENESS of RAW ingredients doesn't alter the fact they aren't in the cook's or eater's control; unless they are chemically testing the 'batch' - the 'lot' - the harvest - they are guessing, generalizing, and hoping.

The reality of 'getting EVERYTHING YOU NEED' from fast food, processed foods, cans, imported fruits & vegetables, and meats raised in less than great clean conditions or in other countries WE WOULDN'T DRINK THEIR WATER... is something most dietitians ignore.

Forgetting that SOIL CONTENT MATTERS. Certain nutrients MUST BE REPLENISHED, or they just won't exist in the future in that plot of land. Science has repeatedly proven the levels of OTHER INGREDIENTS and CONTAMINANTS are, in reality, suspect and limited at best.

There is also the reality of CONTAMINATION - floods, fires, spills... which we are often never told about. The land may, or more likely not, be cleaned up properly.

Our fish supply, with high mercury content, and testing for lead, has repeatedly proven that. Just how many times has tainted LETTUCE been recalled over the last twenty years? People getting sick or dying because of something that happened IN THE LAND, THE FIELD, THE HARVESTING... or packaging.

Yet the seller's weren't aware, the buyer's didn't know any better, and the consumers... well, most believed they were eating healthy... not getting listeria, salmonella, e.coli, or some heavy metal poisoning from a pesticide or fertilizer.

Unless you, or someone you know and trust, is growing it... you're subject to BLIND TRUST! ALL THIS is why quality and tested supplementation is EVEN MORE IMPORTANT.

VITAMINS & MINERAL SUPPLEMENTS

may be recommended by your own doctor , according to the American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP) if you:

• have certain health problems (particularly joint, digestion, diabetic, and general health issues) • eat a vegetarian or vegan diet (key nutrients are usually missing from your diet) • are dieting or flushing (actively trying to lose weight or detox), extra broad spectrum nutrients are recommended

Facts about Vitamins

13 vitamins that the body absolutely needs:

vitamins A, C, D, E, K, and the B vitamins (thiamine, riboflavin, niacin, pantothenic acid, biotin, vitamin B-6, vitamin B-12 and folate).

11 Minerals mammals must have to live:

calcium, magnesium , phosphorus, iron, zinc , sodium, selenium , potassium , iodine, manganese, and boron . (the bolded ones nearly always need to be supplemented for most human beings, with calcium added for most all children and women)

Vital things to understand about minerals:

Minerals are naturally-occurring inorganic substances (i.e. they do not have a carbon atom). The basic classification for minerals are: • Carbonates . eg. Calcite, magnesite, dolomite. • Chain silicates. eg.

Pyroxenes, amphiboles. • Framework silicates. eg. Quartz, feldspars, zeolites • Halides. eg. Fluorite, halite (rock salt). • Hydroxides . eg. Goethite, brucite. • Native elements. eg.

Gold, Silver, Mercury, graphite, diamond. • Orthosilicates. eg. Garnet, olivine. • Oxides . eg corundum (incl. sapphire), hematite, spinel, RUST. • Phosphates . eg.

Apatite, monazite. • Ring silicates. eg. Tourmaline, beryl. • Sheet silicates. eg. Muscovite mica, biotite mica, clay minerals • Silicates (most common) • Sulfates . eg.

Baryte, gypsum. • Sulfides . eg. Pyrite, galena, sphalerite. There are actually about 6,500 known (named) minerals in this world, as of January 2018, the Handbook of Mineralogy officially lists 4,507 different minerals.

The IMA Database of Mineral Properties lists 5,312 valid ‘species’ of a total of 5,525 minerals, with 1,289 considered ‘Pre-IMA’ minerals. About 3,800 are sometimes found in foods or supplements, if only trace amounts.

Science has repeatedly shown that 21 are essential to the healthy functioning of the human body (and most mammals). Those essential minerals have huge roles, vital to the health, life, and longevity of all mammals, including healthy growth and development.

Some minerals, such as lead, mercury, asbestos, hydroxyapatite, erionite, phenacite, k-feldspar, fluorite, pyrite, galena, and cinnabar are extremely toxic to humans; most of them contain some variety of an ‘all-natural’ sulphide.

The first 10, in the list of 'must have' minerals above, are what are most often found to be DEFICIENT, thus requiring extra attention (to diet or supplementation, and in many cases demand supplementation, because certain ones just don’t exist in the foods from a given geography).

The ‘essential’ 21 are often described as the five major minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium, sodium, and magnesium); and 16 trace minerals (iron, cobalt, copper, zinc, manganese, molybdenum, iodine, selenium, sulfur, chloride, boron, silicon, vanadium, nickel, arsenic, chromium).

It’s important to understand, as the name implies, “Trace minerals” are the same as the other minerals to earth, but to mammals, far smaller amounts (less than 100 mg/day, i.e.

TRACE AMOUNTS) are required , so they were put into a separate category. Each of the listed ‘essential Minerals’ have a specific biochemical function in the human body, but all of those minerals MUST BE ‘combined’ with something else for a body to use it from any supplement .

(carbonate, oxide, sulphate, citrate, phosphate, amino acid, etc….. ‘the form’). There is no such thing as a ‘pure’ 100% _____ mineral in any supplement ; and that last name absolutely matters! ANY 'nutritional company' that willfully ignores, or downplays, the vital importance of the LAST NAME (aka FORM) is a company one should NOT TRUST AT ALL, because it's clear they don't really understand 'nutrition' or how it actually works within a body.

The trace minerals are needed in such tiny amounts that the actual role of many of them in a mammals body were not really discovered until the last few years (the doctors involved with MD’s Choice knew about all that back in the 90’s, but much of that science was just coming out, still in studies, or speculation still into 2020 and beyond).

The actual ‘essentiality’ of some of the ‘essential nutrients;’ are still questioned, discussed, and actively debated by some of the non-nutritionists today, decades after the doctors that formulated the MD's Choice products realized their importance back in the early 90's.

Once in a mammals body, minerals are bound to molecules , either organic (having a carbon atom), or in their inorganic form (without such atom). They are found in the body in two different states

  1. Solid state : as crystals, such as bones and teeth; Or
  2. Solution : in ionized or non-ionized form such as blood plasma. They can even change from one state to another ; example, calcium, in a case of hypocalcemia is removed from bones (a solid crystalline form) to plasma (ionic form). TOO MUCH VITAMIN D CAN CAUSE THIS PARTICULAR ACTION, unless a 'counter nutrient' like K2 is employed to off-set things, and maintain some balance within the body.
  • Please be call or email us if you have any orders, questions, or suggestions.
  • We are here to help YOU, when possible.

Important

considerations when evaluating a food source:

• The mineral concentration of any food will depend on the soil and water in which they are grown. • To evaluate the essentiality or toxicity of a nutrient (vitamin or mineral), it is necessary to evaluate its bio-availability (the amount actually absorbed, and transported to the site of action).

ALL vitamins fit into just two categories

Water-soluble

  • are easily absorbed by the body, which doesn’t store large amounts. The kidneys remove any of these type of vitamins that are not needed, and used by the body, within hours of injected. Which means they need to be added to the diet (or supplementation) on a daily basis , because there are no extra supplies, storage, or holding for later use. In general, it's nearly impossible to get too many, or too much of these. What isn't used is quickly just passing through the body.

Fat-soluble

  • are absorbed into the body using bile acids. Any not used immediately, are stored in the fat cells in the body. They are not flushed, the body stores these for use as needed, but are the only type of vitamins a person can actually get too much of. Fat soluble vitamins can build up.

Pure Nutrition

There are many very good reasons to add responsible vitamin and mineral supplements to your daily routine, especially something like Complete Formula (that consists of 97 different vitamins, minerals, trace minerals, amino acids, and enzymes).

If you have digestive issues, the Intestaid (GI Support) is worth trying. Mag-cal Plus can help your bone density, or supply the body nutrients necessary to heal broken bones faster, better, more.

It’s also wise to add a targeted supplement, such as Arthrosamine (for joints) if you are over 40, or have issues with your joints, or arthritis. Amino acids are natural and normal to the body, and basic building blocks of all protein essential to the health and longevity of a body.

When ingested, the body breaks down any proteins eaten, then uses the amino acids it gets to rebuild damaged cells everywhere within that body. Amino acids are also vital to the creation of neurotransmitters in the brain, which ultimately help regulate the body (and the function of all internal systems).

A healthy human body is capable of producing up to 12 amino acids on its own, but the remaining 8 can only come from external sources (either diet or supplementation).

The brain ‘feeling’ a lacking of ANY nutrient (vitamin or mineral) it believes it needs, CAUSES CRAVINGS.. for foods, right or wrong, it ‘remembers’ (thinking) it ‘got’ those needed nutrients from in the past.

Therefore, nutrition IS an involuntary addiction, much like air (oxygen) and water… necessary components of life, the brain knows vital to living. Minerals, like magnesium, are metal ions which like to attach to other compounds.

The compounds to which they are attached will impact how they work (or not) within a body, as well as if they are absorbed into the blood stream or cells. An amino acid chelated mineral is one in which a mineral has been chemically attached to an amino acid, making it form “complexes” that are significantly more readily absorbable.

These supplements from MD’s Choice do NOT contain herbs … and are:

  • designed to supply the body what it needs
  • what it is already looking for,
  • in forms it can actually use…
  • to help the body maintain optimum health at low doses, and
  • actually repair and rebuild itself when possible at higher doses.
  • Nothing magic, or quick… just PURE NUTRITION and real science!
  • designed for quality absorption.
  • That does not mean quick results, as there are no drugs (including their herbal counterparts).
  • There are no pain killers or masking agents

Develop a Vitamin Strategy

The 2005 Dietary Guidelines for Americans advises that nutrient needs be met primarily through consuming foods, with supplementation suggested for certain sensitive populations, and targeting specific needs.

Sadly, these days, MOST PEOPLE (and pets) fail to get a good consistent broad spectrum diet. The basic guidelines are published by the Department of Health and Human Services and the U.S.

Department of Agriculture (USDA), to help provide some science-based advice for minimum requirements. They hope to promote the overall health, and to reduce risk for chronic diseases, through diet and physical activity.

(Interestingly, goals the doctors involved with MD’s Choice established back in the 90’s).

The American government has formed a basis for federal food, nutrition education, and information programs. And is finally seeing the importance of educating people about which vitamins (and minerals) you’re normally getting in your daily diet, and which you should add in your supplementation.

Their recommendations aren’t perfect, but they are a start… and are improving. It’s also important to understand that those ‘one’ pill (or capsule) a day type stuff is only ‘better than nothing’ (assuming there aren’t herbs involved, or any contaminants from countries we couldn’t safely drink their water); and, generally they a large waste of money, because they are highly compressed, listed in combined (not elemental) amounts, and in the wrong forms (usually a carbonate or oxide, or whatever was cheapest at the time and densely packed).

The ‘one’ pill (tablet, capsule, or drops) a day doesn’t usually care about nutrition, ignoring elemental amounts and actual absorption potential. Consumers that become aware, can quickly learn which brands to avoid, based on the ingredients used in their products, and methods of advertising.

Educated consumers build a list of what to avoid, and what to use… and understand that ‘last names’ matter (especially for minerals). They will achieve adequate vitamin intake, and optimize their own health and wellbeing with products using nutrients that are safe, effective, and efficient.

Barbara Schneeman, Ph.D., Director of FDA’s Office of Nutritional Products, Labeling, and Dietary Supplements, says, “The Guidelines emphasize that supplements may be useful when they fill a specific identified nutrient gap that cannot or is not otherwise being met by the individual’s intake of food.” She adds, “An important point made in the guidelines is that nutrient supplements are not a substitute for a healthful diet.” Wow, that only took 25 years to get them to admit.

Special Nutrient Needs

According to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans, many people consume more calories than they need without taking in recommended amounts of a number of nutrients.

The Guidelines warn that there are numerous nutrients—including vitamins and minerals—for which low dietary intake may be a cause of concern.

These nutrients are:

For Adults ~ calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and vitamins A (as carotenoids), C, and E For Children and Adolescents ~ calcium, potassium, fiber, magnesium, and vitamin E For specific groups (or health problems) ~ vitamin B-12, iron, folic acid, vitamins E and D ... and the proper type of glucosamine, and biological sulpher.

Those with joint issues, should be using “glucosamine sulphate 2KCl” (kcL)… which is a potassium form, with over 50 years of positive science demonstrating it is absorbed and used, unlike the glucosamine HCl (hcL) the GAIT Study proved failed years and thousands of bodies.

One of the problems is that they often state ‘a’ nutrient, like calcium, but ignore the ‘co-factors’ (co-operative nutrients, and things to optimize it’s absorption and use within the body).

Hence, why it’s important to work with companies that actually deal with the reality of NUTRITION, care about bio-availability and absorption, and are aware of safety issues.

MDsChoice.com can help with all that, and have been since 1995. Consider the following tips before buying a dietary supplement: • Think twice about chasing the latest headline. • Sound health advice is generally based on THIRD PARTY unbiased research, repeated over time .

Not a single study touted by the media… or a poorly crafted study involving too few bodies, or failing to support the numbers. • Be wary of results claiming a “quick fix,” especially one that departs from scientific research and established dietary guidance. • Avoid companies that use any nutrients in their oral supplements containing anything with ‘carbonate’ or ‘oxide’ or ‘glucosamine HCl’ in it… because they either don’t know about nutrition, or don’t really care about bio-availability and effectiveness. • Some products can be harmful when consumed in high amounts , especially those with drug activity; especially for a long time, or in combination with certain other substances. • Learn to spot false claims.

If something sounds too good to be true, it probably is. Examples of false claims on product labels include: • Quick fixes (only possible with DRUG ACTIVITY) • Some claims of “cure-all” • Celebrity Endorsements (should be avoided, especially when paid) • If they claim to 'cure' any disease (especially things like RA, MD, HIV) • Terms like “Totally safe,” ‘Holistic,” “GMO,” “all natural,” and has “definitely no side effects” are far too common, and should be avoided.

Other red flags include: • claims about limited availability • offers “free trial offer” but requires ANY for advance payment or 'credit card on file' before the 'free' is sent. • offers “no-risk, no-question asked, money-back guarantees” (but fails to provide that to those asking) Also ask yourself, • “Is the product worth the money?'” • Resist the pressure to buy on the spot, too much pressure is often not a good sign.

Some supplements may seem expensive. • Look at INGREDIENTS used in the company’s OTHER PRODUCTS (especially bone, joint, and general supplements). • If they have more than two versions of a product intended for a given purpose, WHY? What is their reasoning for that?

What are the differences??

In-house competition is interesting, especially when a company claims to have a product with many millions spend on the development, and legal hoop jumping, why create COMPETING to what they claim works, and already have millions invested in… if it really worked)?

"Color Choices" make sense in clothing, and "flavors" make since in candy, soda, and ice cream... 'choices' and 'options' in formulas have little to no place in QUALITY NUTRITION! • Google their company name and basic history… • How long have they been in business?

WHO do they sell to/through? If they are 'on big box SHELVES' then they are relying on PRICE or ADVERTISING to push their product. Not efficacy, or necessarily quality... • Are actual practicing doctors (human or animal) actually BUYING their products – outside those getting free product, or a salary from the company?? • Are there any complaints about the company listed with the BBB or Chamber of Commerce? • Has their company or products been reviewed on Consumer Reports, Rip-off Reports, and the other sources available over the internet these days? • Look toward ACTUAL CUSTOMERS, not smoke and mirrors (or paid endorsements).

More vital things to consider: • WHO is behind the development and formulation of the product? Do they have a NUTRITION or Pharmacology background? • what ingredients are being used (remember what to avoid, the flags) • where the ingredients are being blended and bottled (you really don’t want products from countries that lack any regulations, and have water you can’t safely drink), • where are the products being sold?

(mainstream big box stores, and joe’s vitamin shop with some high school kid or non-nutritional person is pushing the latest ingredient of the month buzz word miracle, or they have a bunch of products containing carbonates or oxides, or glucosamine HCl in the supplements they sell… should tell you they do NOT understand nutrition, safety, or efficacy. ~ To be continued… Please feel free to call, or message us, if there are questions.

Another Hidden GEM in nutrition:

BORON

This trace mineral is a micronutrient, with diverse and vitally important roles in metabolism that render it an absolute necessity for plant, animal, and human health, and as recent research suggests, possibly for the evolution of life on Earth. As Scientific Researcher, Lara Pizzorno, MDiv, MA, LMT, shows, boron has been proven to be an important trace mineral because it (1) is essential for the growth and maintenance of bone; (2) greatly improves wound healing; (3) beneficially impacts the body’s use of estrogen, testosterone, and vitamin D; (4) boosts magnesium absorption; (5) reduces levels of inflammatory biomarkers, such as high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α); (6) raises levels of antioxidant enzymes, such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, and glutathione peroxidase; (7) protects against pesticide-induced oxidative stress and heavy-metal toxicity; (8) improves the brains electrical activity, cognitive performance, and short-term memory for elders; (9) influences the formation and activity of key biomolecules, such as S-adenosyl methionine (SAM-e) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+); (10) has demonstrated preventive and therapeutic effects in a number of cancers, such as prostate, cervical, and lung cancers, and multiple and non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma; and (11) may help ameliorate the adverse effects of traditional chemotherapeutic agents.

In none of the numerous studies conducted to date, however, do boron’s beneficial effects appear at intakes > 3 mg/d. No estimated average requirements (EARs) or dietary reference intakes (DRIs) have been set for boron—only an upper intake level (UL) of 20 mg/d for individuals aged ≥ 18 y. The absence of studies showing harm in conjunction with the substantial number of articles showing benefits support the consideration of boron supplementation of 3 mg/d for any individual who is consuming a diet lacking in fruits and vegetables or who is at risk for or has osteopenia; osteoporosis; osteoarthritis (OA); or breast, prostate, or lung cancer. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4712861/

As with most everything in life, AWARENESS, BALANCE, CORRECT DOSING and PROPER USE IS VITAL